Retrospective studies provide the foundation for understanding the challenges in airway management in RS. These studies investigate prenatal and postnatal factors that can influence respiratory outcomes, including genetic findings, assess the effectiveness of early airway interventions such as nasopharyngeal airways, tongue-lip adhesion, and mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and identify risk factors for developing postoperative respiratory difficulties following primary palatoplasty. Several studies are conducted in collaboration with affiliated ERN CRANIO member hospitals. Collectively, these studies inform evidence-based recommendations for airway management in RS.